Improving Solar Cell Efficiency PV/T Using NEPCM by FEM Method
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Keywords
Solar energy, electrical energy, photovoltaic-thermal, phase changing materials, nanofluids
Abstract
Energy generated from photovoltaic (PV) systems is often wasted, with about 80% converted to heat and only 20% converted to electricity. This indicates the need for further research to improve the energy conversion efficiency in PV systems. This study aims to analyze the cell efficiency and power generation in a photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system with variations in nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) concentration and reservoir thickness. The developed PVT configuration includes a photovoltaic cell layer, a thermal paste layer, a reservoir wall, and a channel filled with nanofluid containing NEPCM surrounded by a protective shell. The research method involves simulation using the Finite Element Method to measure system performance regarding energy conversion efficiency, with encapsulated PCM concentration variations at 2%, 10%, and 20%. Additionally, the laminar flow velocity used is 0.5 m/s under steady-state conditions, and the thickness of the PCM material used is 1 mm and 15 mm. The results show that increasing the NEPCM concentration by 5% can improve the electrical and thermal performance of the system by more than 50%. In addition, variations in reservoir thickness also contribute to the overall efficiency. This study concludes that the proposed PVT configuration can improve energy efficiency and optimize thermal management in the system, making it an effective solution for developing renewable energy technologies. Thus, implementing NEPCM in PVT systems can significantly contribute to overall energy efficiency.
References
[2] Newell, R.G., Raimi, D., Villanueva, S., & Prest, B. (2020). Global Energy Outlook 2020: Energy Transition or Energy Addition? Resources for the Future. Retrieved from https://www.rff.org
[3] Devia Septyani and Sri Hartati, “Fossil Energy Consumption on Economic Growth,” COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1491–1498, 2024.
[4] Suying and Yang Mian, “Empirical Test of Integrated GDP and Energy Consumption,” COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1491–1498, 2024.
[5] H. Setiawan, et al., “The Impact of Fossil Fuel Consumption on GDP,” COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1491–1498, 2024.
[6] M. Faaizun Alfarisi and S. Sariman, “Analysis of the Utilization of Polycrystalline Solar Cells as a Source of Electrical Energy in a 300 Watt Direct Current (DC) Induction Electric Stove,” J. Syntax Admiration, vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 1333–1340, 2022, doi: 10.46799/jsa.v3i10.488.
[7] Lubna, Sudarti, and Yushardi, “ PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL,” pp. 76–79, 2020.
[8] M. Bastomi, “ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF PANEL TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR CELL OUTPUT POWER AND EFFICIENCY,” vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 33–39, 2019, doi: 10.33772/DJITM.V11I1.9285.
[9] N. Nadhiroh, DA Nugroho, and A. Imaduddin, “Increasing the efficiency of the PLTS system through optimization of solar panel arrays,” vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 50–57, 2023, doi: 10.33795/eltek.v21i2.3191.
[10] M. Jelita and H. Saleh, “Improvement of Solar Cell Efficiency and Electrical Energy of a Photovoltaic - Thermal System by Using Nanofluid," J. Juruuter., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 735–745, 2023, doi: 10.17576/jkukm-2023-35(3)-21.
[11] Hasan, M. S., & Das, P. (2022). Effects of different environmental and operational factors on the PV. Energy Science & Engineering, 2, 20500505. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1043
[12] B. Fontenault and E. Gutierrez-Miravete, "Modeling a Combined Photovoltaic-Thermal Solar Panel," in Proceedings of the 2012 COMSOL Conference in Boston, 2012.
[13] Diwania, S., Agrawal, S., Siddiqui, A. S., & Singh, S. (2020). Photovoltaic–Thermal (PV/T) technology: a comprehensive review on applications and its advancement. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering, 11(1), 33-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-019-00327-y
[14] El Manssouri, O., Hajji, B., Tina, G.M., Gagliano, A., & Aneli, S. (2021). Electrical and Thermal Performances of Bi-Fluid PV/Thermal Collectors. Energies, 14, 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061633.
[15] Ahmed, A., Baig, H., & Mallick, T. (2019). Use of Nanofluids in Solar PV Thermal Systems. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2019, Article ID 8039129. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8039129
[16] Lee, J.H., Hwang, S.G., & Lee, G.H. (2019). Efficiency Improvement of a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) System Using Nanofluids. Energies, 12.
[17] B. Widodo, “Peningkatan Energi Listrik Serta Daya Keluaran Pada Panel Surya Dengan Penambahan Sistem Pendingin Heatsink Dan Reflektor Alluminium Foil,” no. 03, 2022.
[18] Ghalambaz, M., Chamkha, A. J., & Doostanidezfuli, A. (2017). Phase-change heat transfer of single/hybrid nanoparticl es-enhanced phase-change materials over a heated horizontal cylinder confined in a square cavity. Advances in Powder Technology, 28, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.10.009.
[19] P. C. Materials, “Studying the Improvement of Solar Collector Mechanism with Phase Change Materials,” 2024.
[20] X. Zeng, X. Li, and Q. Huang, "Comprehensive review on phase change materials integrated with photovoltaic systems for thermal regulation and efficiency enhancement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 134, p. 110362, 2020.
[21] Z. Khan, M. Hasan, and R. Sharma, "A novel approach for performance enhancement of photovoltaic thermal systems using PCM and nanofluids," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 230, p. 111215, 2021.
[22] R. Solgi, P. Ranjbaran, and M. Farid, "Nanofluid-PCM based hybrid cooling systems for photovoltaic applications: A state-of-the-art review," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 203, p. 117871, 2022.
[23] Sari, D.P. (2021). A Review of How Building Mitigates the Urban Heat Island in Indonesia and Tropical Cities. Earth, 2, 653–666. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth2030038.
[24] R. A. Ananto and A. H. Santoso, “Analisis Performance Jangka Pendek Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya dengan Sistem Stand-alone System,” ELPOSYS J. Sist. Kelistrikan, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 22–27, 2021, doi: 10.33795/elposys.v8i1.30.
[25] S. G. H. and G. H. L. Joo Hee Lee, “Efficiency Improvement of a Photovoltaic Thermal,” Energy, 2019.
[26] Faraji, H., Faraji, M., & El Alami, M. (2020). Effect of nanoparticles on the thermal behaviour of a NePCM-based heat sink. MATEC Web of Conferences, 330, 01020. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202033001020
[27] Yang, L., Huang, J.-N., & Zhou, F. (2020). Thermophysical properties and applications of nano-enhanced PCMs: An update review. Energy Conversion and Management, 214, 112876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112876
[28] M. V. Dambhare, B. Butey, and S. V. Moharil, (2021). "Solar photovoltaic technology: A review of different types of solar cells and its future trends," J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1913, p. 012053, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1913/1/012053.
[29] S. Abdo and H. Saidani-Scott, "Effect of using saturated hydrogel beads with alumina water-based nanofluid for cooling solar panels: Experimental study with economic analysis," *Solar Energy*, Elsevier, 2021.
[30] D. B. Seto, B. Kristiawan, Ubaidillah, and Z. Arifin, "Solar Cell Cooling with Phase Change Material (PCM) for Enhanced Efficiency: A Review," IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1096, 012052, 2021. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1096/1/012052.
[31] M. H. Esfe et al., "A comprehensive review on convective heat transfer of nanofluids in porous media: Energy-related and thermohydraulic characteristics," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 178, Sep. 2020, Art. no. 115487.
[32] A. Naghdbishi, M. Eftekhari Yazdi, and G. Akbari, "Numerical study on the performance of a glazed photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material (GPVT/PCM): on the contribution of PCM volumetric fraction and environmental temperature," A Preprint, June 2021.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
The authors declare that:
1. This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
2. It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
3. A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.