Implementation of a PID-Based Temperature Control System on a Nextion HMI for Infant Warmer Applications
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Keywords
embedded control, neonatal care, overshoot response, smart interface, thermal system
Abstract
Infant body temperature stability is paramount, especially for preterm newborns unable to maintain their own thermal equilibrium. Here, we explore a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm implemented directly on a Nextion Human–Machine Interface (HMI) to regulate infant warmer temperature. Unlike typical systems where the microcontroller holds the major PID calculation and the HMI acts as a display only, this method integrates the PID logic into the HMI itself, with possible reductions of microcontroller load, minimization of communication delays, and hardware architecture simplification. Three trials at a constant setpoint of 37 °C with varying combinations of PID gains were used with a fixed experimental setup. Temperature response indicators like rise time, settling time, percent overshoot, and steady-state error were measured and compared. Results indicate that with gains of Kp = 1.50, Ki = 0.05, and Kd = 1.50, the system reached a steady state of 36.97 °C with just 2.16 % of an overshoot and a settling time of about 7 minutes and satisfied neonatal warmer requirements. The results confirm that PID control executed directly on the Nextion HMI can achieve temperature regulation performance comparable to conventional microcontroller-based implementations while improving system simplicity and code efficiency. It presents a good alternative choice of low-power and portable infant warmer and also of other embedded hot and cold control systems.
References
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E. A. Dunne, C. P. F. O’Donnell, B. Nakstad, and L. K. McCarthy, “Thermoregulation for very preterm infants in the delivery room: a narrative review,” Pediatr. Res., vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1448–1454, 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02902-w.
M. Kyokan, N. Bochaton, V. Jirapaet, and R. E. Pfister, “Early detection of cold stress to prevent hypothermia: A narrative review,” SAGE Open Med., vol. 11, 2023, doi: 10.1177/20503121231172866.
Uwamariya et al., “Safety and effectiveness of a non-electric infant warmer for hypothermia in Rwanda: A cluster-randomized stepped-wedge trial,” EClinicalMedicine, vol. 34, p. 100842, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100842.
N. D. P. Bluhm et al., “Preclinical validation of NeoWarm, a low-cost infant warmer and carrier device, to ameliorate induced hypothermia in newborn piglets as models for human neonates,” Front. Pediatr., vol. 12, no. April, pp. 1–11, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fped.2024.1378008.
U. Mishra, D. August, K. Walker, P. R. Jani, and M. Tracy, “Thermoregulation, incubator humidity, and skincare practices in appropriate for gestational age ultra-low birth weight infants: need for more evidence,” World Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 643–652, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s12519-024-00818-x.
R. Hernández-Molina, V. Puyana-Romero, J. L. Beira-Jiménez, A. Morgado-Estévez, R. Bienvenido-Bárcena, and F. Fernández-Zacarías, “Silent Neonatal Incubators, Prototype Nica+,” Acoustics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 638–650, 2024, doi: 10.3390/acoustics6030035.
A. R. Casado, M. Larrodé-Díaz, F. F. Zacarias, and R. H. Molina, “Experimental and computational model for a neonatal incubator with thermoelectric conditioning system,” Energies (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 17, pp. 1–16, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14175278.
R. Cuervo, M. A. Rodríguez-Lázaro, R. Farré, D. Gozal, G. Solana, and J. Otero, “Low-cost and open-source neonatal incubator operated by an Arduino microcontroller,” HardwareX, vol. 15, no. July, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2023.e00457.
S. Lyra et al., “Camera fusion for real-time temperature monitoring of neonates using deep learning,” Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1787–1800, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11517-022-02561-9.
C. Zhao and L. Guo, “Towards a theoretical foundation of PID control for uncertain nonlinear systems,” Automatica, vol. 142, p. 110360, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.automatica.2022.110360.
E. Hernández-Arroyo, J. L. Díaz-Rodríguez, and O. Pinzón-Ardila, “Estudio del comportamiento de un Control MPC [Control Predictivo Basado en el Modelo] comparado con un Control PID en una Planta de Temperatura,” Revista Facultad De Ingeniería, vol. 23, no. 37, p. 45, 2014, doi: 10.19053/01211129.2789.
J. Zhang, C. Zhao, and L. Guo, “On PID Control Theory for Nonaffine Uncertain Stochastic Systems,” J. Syst. Sci. Complex., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 165–186, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11424-022-1486-9.
Z. Li, “Review of PID control design and tuning methods,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2649, no. 1, p. 012009, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2649/1/012009.
M. Ghita et al., “A robust self-tuning PID-type control for time-varying process in the pharmaceutical industry,” in 2022 13th Asian Control Conference (ASCC), IEEE, May 2022, pp. 637–642. doi: 10.23919/ASCC56756.2022.9828229.
F. Ardiyanto, W. Wiyono, R. Rahmat, and E. B. Raharjo, “Design and manufacturing of control circuits for centrifuge device motors,” BIS Energy and Engineering, vol. 1, p. V124016, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.31603/biseeng.42.
F. Ardiyanto, Wiyono, and Rahmat, “Design and build LCD touchscreen (HMI) as a controller and indicator on biological safety cabinet machines to protect workers from virus exposure,” 2023, p. 020103. doi: 10.1063/5.0120936.
M. Huba, S. Chamraz, P. Bistak, and D. Vrancic, “Making the PI and PID Controller Tuning Inspired by Ziegler and Nichols Precise and Reliable,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 18, p. 6157, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/s21186157.
E. Fridman and A. Selivanov, “Using Delay for Control,” Annu. Rev. Control Robot. Auton. Syst., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 101–126, 2025, doi: 10.1146/annurev-control-022723-033031.
X. Zhang, S. Xi, and J. Zhang, “Anti-Windup Method Using Ancillary Flux-Weakening for Enhanced Induction Motor Performance Under Voltage Saturation,” Electronics (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 17, pp. 1–17, 2025, doi: 10.3390/electronics14173496.
L. Liu, Z. Xu, and X. Qu, “A Reconfigurable Architecture for Industrial Control Systems: Overview and Challenges,” Machines, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 793, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.3390/machines12110793.
C.-W. Chen, H.-M. Wu, and C.-Y. Nian, “A Class of Anti-Windup Controllers for Precise Positioning of an X-Y Platform with Input Saturations,” Electronics (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 3, p. 539, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/electronics14030539.
M. Mahmud, S. M. A. Motakabber, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam, and A. N. Nordin, “Adaptive PID Controller Using for Speed Control of the BLDC Motor,” in IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics, Proceedings, ICSE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Jul. 2020, pp. 168–171. doi: 10.1109/ICSE49846.2020.9166883.
Y. Wang, Z. Jiang, S. H. Kwon, M. Ibrahim, A. Dang, and L. Dong, “Flexible Sensor‐Based Human–Machine Interfaces with AI Integration for Medical Robotics,” Advanced Robotics Research, vol. 2, no. 1, Feb. 2026, doi: 10.1002/adrr.202500027.
R. Kristiyono and Wiyono, “Autotuning fuzzy PID controller for speed control of BLDC motor,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 400–407, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.18196/jrc.25114.
M. A. Mohammed, M. Khamees, and D. H. Abbas, “Automatic Temperature Control System Using African vultures optimization algorithm,” Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, vol. 5, no. 3, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.52866/ijcsm.2024.05.03.044.
M. Dwi Mubarok, M. Sofie, and M. Rofii’i, “Kontrol Infant Warmer Dilengkapi Baterai Dan Inverter,” MEDIKA TRADA, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 36–41, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.59485/jtemp.v6i1.122.
A. Majid et al., “Comparative Analysis of PID and Fuzzy Temperature Control System on Infant Warmer (Control PID),” Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 223–228, 2022, doi: 10.35882/ijahst.v4i4.257.
A. Alimuddin, R. Arafiyah, I. Saraswati, R. Alfanz, P. Hasudungan, and T. Taufik, “Development and Performance Study of Temperature and Humidity Regulator in Baby Incubator Using Fuzzy-PID Hybrid Controller,” Energies (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 20, p. 6505, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14206505.
I. Sharma and M. Singh, “Infant Warmer Design with PID Control for Stability and Equal Temperature Distribution Equipped with Digital Scales for Prevention of Hypothermia in Newborns,” International Journal of Advanced Health Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–13, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.35882/ijahst.v1i1.2.
K. Alatoun, K. Matrouk, M. A. Mohammed, J. Nedoma, R. Martinek, and P. Zmij, “A Novel Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Task Scheduling Framework for Internet of Medical Things in an Edge Fog Cloud System,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 14, 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22145327.
S.-L. Jeng, W.-H. Chieng, and Y. Chen, “Web-Based Human-Machine Interfaces of Industrial Controllers in Single-Page Applications,” Mobile Information Systems, vol. 2021, pp. 1–13, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/6668843.
C. I. Muresan, I. Birs, C. Ionescu, E. H. Dulf, and R. De Keyser, “A Review of Recent Developments in Autotuning Methods for Fractional-Order Controllers,” Fractal and Fractional, vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.3390/fractalfract6010037.
X. Wang et al., “Empowering Edge Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey on On-Device AI Models,” ACM Comput. Surv., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1–39, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.1145/3724420.
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Mar 29, 2026
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How to Cite
Ardiyanto, F., Slamet Pambudi, & Joko Yunianto. (2026). Implementation of a PID-Based Temperature Control System on a Nextion HMI for Infant Warmer Applications. Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.25077/jnte.v15n1.1482.2026
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Control
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