MQTT Broker Optimization Comparative Analysis of Round Robin and Least Response Time
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Keywords
MQTT, Round Robin, Least Response Time, Load balancing, IoT
Abstract
Optimizing MQTT broker performance is crucial for maintaining efficient message routing in IoT systems, especially under varying workloads and QoS levels. This study compares the Round Robin (RR) and Least Response Time (LRT) algorithms to evaluate their performance across QoS levels 0, 1, and 2 and client loads ranging from 500 to 2,500 clients. Using Apache JMeter, key metrics such as CPU usage, throughput, delay, jitter, and response time were assessed. LRT was found to excel in enhancing response time and reducing delay, particularly under high client loads and in applications requiring minimal latency. However, this comes at the cost of higher CPU usage under heavy loads. In contrast, RR demonstrated optimal performance in maintaining balanced CPU utilization and predictable performance, though with slightly higher response times. Both algorithms demonstrated linear scalability in throughput, confirming their ability to handle increasing workloads without bottlenecks. These findings offer practical guidance for IoT developers: in latency-sensitive environments such as industrial automation, LRT is preferable due to its low-latency benefits, while RR is better suited for resource-constrained IoT systems like environmental monitoring, where stability and even load distribution are prioritized. The trade-offs identified provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate algorithms based on specific application requirements.
References
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[32] J. Toldinas, B. Lozinskis, E. Baranauskas, and A. Dobrovolskis, “MQTT Quality of Service versus Energy Consumption,” in 2019 23rd International Conference Electronics, IEEE, Jun. 2019, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ELECTRONICS.2019.8765692.
[33] P. Jutadhamakorn, T. Pillavas, V. Visoottiviseth, R. Takano, J. Haga, and D. Kobayashi, “A Scalable and Low-Cost MQTT Broker Clustering System,” in 2nd International Conference on Information Technology (INCIT), IEEE, 2017.
[34] D. Kanellopoulos and V. K. Sharma, “Dynamic Load Balancing Techniques in the IoT: A Review,” Dec. 01, 2022, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/sym14122554.
[35] A. Detti, L. Funari, and N. Blefari-Melazzi, “Sub-Linear Scalability of MQTT Clusters in Topic-Based Publish-Subscribe Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1954–1968, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2020.3003535.
[2] M. A. Afandi, I. Hikmah, and C. Agustinah, “Microcontroller-based Artificial Lighting to Help Growth the Seedling Pakcoy,” JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO, vol. 10, no. 3, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.25077/jnte.v10n3.943.2021.
[3] Rocky Alfanz, A. H. A. Aqbal, and Wahyuni Martiningsih, “Smart Farm Agriculture Design by Applying a Solar Power Plant,” JURNAL NASIONAL TEKNIK ELEKTRO, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.25077/jnte.v12n2.1085.2023.
[4] Z. Zickri, A. Novandri, R. Adriman, and Nasaruddin, “Shrimp Pond Monitoring System using Cooperative Wireless Sensor Network Multi-Hop Technique based on Internet of Things,” Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro, pp. 56–63, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.25077/jnte.v12n3.1133.2023.
[5] P. D. P. Adi et al., “Application of IoT-LoRa Technology and Design in irrigation canals to improve the quality of agricultural products in Batu Indonesia,” in 2021 2nd International Conference On Smart Cities, Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS), IEEE, Oct. 2021, pp. 88–94. doi: 10.1109/ICON-SONICS53103.2021.9617175.
[6] P. D. Prasetyo Adi et al., “ECG-LPWAN based for Real-time monitoring Patient’s Heart Beat Status,” in 2022 International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic), IEEE, Sep. 2022, pp. 7–14. doi: 10.1109/iSemantic55962.2022.9920379.
[7] T. Domínguez-Bolaño, O. Campos, V. Barral, C. J. Escudero, and J. A. García-Naya, “An overview of IoT architectures, technologies, and existing open-source projects,” Internet of Things, vol. 20, p. 100626, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2022.100626.
[8] L. Nurfiqin, Z. Sari, F. Dwi, and S. Sumadi, “Analisis Quality of Service (QoS) Protokol MQTT dan HTTP Pada Sistem Smart Metering Arus Listrik,” REPOSITOR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 121–130, 2021.
[9] M. Amoretti, R. Pecori, Y. Protskaya, L. Veltri, and F. Zanichelli, “A Scalable and Secure Publish/Subscribe-Based Framework for Industrial IoT,” IEEE Trans Industr Inform, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 3815–3825, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1109/TII.2020.3017227.
[10] A. P.S., S. M. Dilip Kumar, and V. K.R., “MQTT Implementations, Open Issues, and Challenges: A Detailed Comparison and Survey,” International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 553–576, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.2174/2210327913666221216152446.
[11] K. Charlie, R. Primananda, and M. Data, “Analisis Performa Load Balancing Pada Broker MQTT Menggunakan Algoritma Round Robin,” Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer , vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 2902–2908, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://j-ptiik.ub.ac.id
[12] F. Montori, L. Gigli, L. Sciullo, and M. Di Felice, “LA-MQTT: Location-aware Publish-subscribe Communications for the Internet of Things,” ACM Transactions on Internet of Things, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1–28, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1145/3529978.
[13] E. Longo, A. E. C. Redondi, M. Cesana, and P. Manzoni, “BORDER: A Benchmarking Framework for Distributed MQTT Brokers,” IEEE Internet Things J, vol. 9, no. 18, pp. 17728–17740, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3155872.
[14] P. Colombo, E. Ferrari, and E. D. Tümer, “Regulating data sharing across MQTT environments,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 174, p. 102907, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2020.102907.
[15] F. Sisilia Mukti and F. E. Nugroho, “Upaya Pencapaian Status High Availability Server Menggunakan Metode Load Balancing Berbasis Klaster pada Database Server PT. XYZ,” Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi (JATISI), vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 2407–4322, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.35957/jatisi.v10i1.5886.
[16] H. Anwer, F. Azam, M. W. Anwar, and M. Rashid, “A Model-Driven Approach for Load-Balanced MQTT Protocol in Internet of Things (IoT),” 2020, pp. 368–378. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22354-0_33.
[17] M. G. Spina, G. M. Marotta, S. Gualtieri, and F. De Rango, “Topic Load Balancing in a multi IoT Gateways Scenario under Publish/Subscribe Paradigm,” in 2022 IEEE 19th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), IEEE, Jan. 2022, pp. 521–522. doi: 10.1109/CCNC49033.2022.9700606.
[18] H. Triangga, I. Faisal, and I. Lubis, “Analisis Perbandingan Algoritma Static Round-Robin dengan Least-Connection Terhadap Efisiensi Load Balancing pada Load Balancer Haproxy,” InfoTekJar (Jurnal Nasional Informatika dan Teknologi Jaringan), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 70–75, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.30743/infotekjar.v4i1.1688.
[19] M. A. Spohn, “On MQTT Scalability in the Internet of Things: Issues, Solutions, and Future Directions,” Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, p. 4, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.37256/jeee.1120221687.
[20] K. Charlie, R. Primananda, and M. Data, “Analisis Performa Load Balancing Pada Broker MQTT Menggunakan Algoritma Round Robin,” Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 2902–2908, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://j-ptiik.ub.ac.id
[21] Sepriano, V. Suryani, and E. M. Jadied, “Analisis Performansi Metode Load Balancing Pada Broker Protokol Mqtt Menggunakan Algoritma Least Connection (2021),” in e-Proceeding of Engineering , 2021, pp. 2936–2951.
[22] J. Li, “Research and Application of Dynamic Load Balancing in MQTT Server,” Software Engineering and Applications, vol. 09, no. 04, pp. 262–271, 2020, doi: 10.12677/SEA.2020.94029.
[23] A. Naufal Romiz, E. Sakti Pramukantoro, and W. Yahya, “Implementasi Mekanisme Load Balancer dan Failover pada IoT Middleware berbasis Publish-Subscribe,” Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 5165–5174, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://j-ptiik.ub.ac.id
[24] B. Mishra, B. Mishra, and A. Kertesz, “Stress-Testing MQTT Brokers: A Comparative Analysis of Performance Measurements,” Energies (Basel), vol. 14, no. 18, p. 5817, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14185817.
[25] A. Et al., “Developing Load Balancing for IoT - Cloud Computing Based on Advanced Firefly and Weighted Round Robin Algorithms,” Baghdad Science Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 0130, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.21123/bsj.2019.16.1.0130.
[26] F. Apriliansyah, I. Fitri, and A. Iskandar, “Implementasi Load Balancing Pada Web Server Menggunakan Nginx,” Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Informatika, vol. 6, no. 1, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.26905/jtmi.v6i1.3792.
[27] D. T. Nababan, R. Primananda, and F. A. Bakhtiar, “Implementasi Load Balancing pada Broker MQTT dengan Algoritme Weighted Least Connection menggunakan Raspberry Pi,” Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 867–875, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://j-ptiik.ub.ac.id
[28] H. K. Ramadhan and S. Wardhana, “Optimalisasi Jaringan Komputer Menggunakan Algoritma Load Balancing di Virtual Server Citrix ADC,” in Seminar Nasional Pengaplikasian Telematika (SINAPTIKA) , 2021, pp. 135–148.
[29] F. Ilham, A. G. Putrada, and S. Prabowo, “Analisis performansi QoS MQTT pada sistem monitoring sungai,” in e-Proceeding of Engineering, 2019, pp. 2006–2020.
[30] Y. Susdyastama Putra, M. T. Indriastuti, and S. Mukti, “Optimalisasi Nilai Throughput Jaringan Laboratorium Menggunakan Metode Hierarchical Token Bucket (Studi Kasus: STMIK Asia Malang),” Jurnal Ilmiah NERO, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 83–90, 2020.
[31] D. D. Mahendra and F. S. Mukti, “Sistem Deteksi dan Pengendalian Serangan Denial of Service pada Server Berbasis Snort dan Telegram-API,” Techno.Com, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 511–522, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.33633/tc.v21i3.6466.
[32] J. Toldinas, B. Lozinskis, E. Baranauskas, and A. Dobrovolskis, “MQTT Quality of Service versus Energy Consumption,” in 2019 23rd International Conference Electronics, IEEE, Jun. 2019, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ELECTRONICS.2019.8765692.
[33] P. Jutadhamakorn, T. Pillavas, V. Visoottiviseth, R. Takano, J. Haga, and D. Kobayashi, “A Scalable and Low-Cost MQTT Broker Clustering System,” in 2nd International Conference on Information Technology (INCIT), IEEE, 2017.
[34] D. Kanellopoulos and V. K. Sharma, “Dynamic Load Balancing Techniques in the IoT: A Review,” Dec. 01, 2022, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/sym14122554.
[35] A. Detti, L. Funari, and N. Blefari-Melazzi, “Sub-Linear Scalability of MQTT Clusters in Topic-Based Publish-Subscribe Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1954–1968, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2020.3003535.
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Nov 30, 2024
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How to Cite
Arifin, S., Nugraha, A. W., Mukti, F. S., & Jatmika, S. (2024). MQTT Broker Optimization: Comparative Analysis of Round Robin and Least Response Time. Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro, 13(3), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.25077/jnte.v13n3.1260.2024
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Telecommunication
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