Performance and Techno-economic Analysis of a 1.82 kWp Rooftop PV System in the Tropical Climate of Indonesia: A Simulation vs Reality Approach
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Keywords
PV rooftop, PVsyst, Performance Ratio, Energy economic analysis, Indonesia’s tropical climate
Abstract
The utilization of renewable energy through rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems serves as a strategic solution for mitigating climate change; however, their performance in tropical climates often exhibits a deviation between theoretical predictions and field reality. This study aims to evaluate the technical performance and economic viability of an on-grid 1.82 kWp rooftop PV system in Indonesia. The research employs a comparative quantitative approach by validating PVsyst simulation results against actual measurement data recorded from April to July 2024. The findings indicate a simulation overestimation, where actual energy production was 30.3% to 40.5% lower than PVsyst projections. A significant discrepancy was also observed in the Performance Ratio (PR), with the actual PR reaching only 55-59%, substantially lower than the simulated 81-82%. Despite these technical inconsistencies, the economic analysis confirms the project's financial feasibility. Under a 5.25% interest rate scenario, the study yielded a Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 15.88 million, a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.50, a Payback Period of 9.8 years, and a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of IDR 974.88/kWh, more competitive than the national utility (PLN) tariffs. In conclusion, although tropical environmental factors such as high temperatures and dust accumulation reduce technical efficiency, rooftop PV investment in Indonesia maintains strong profitability and remains viable for implementation.
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O. Bamisile, C. Acen, D. Cai, Q. Huang, and I. Staffell, “The environmental factors affecting solar photovoltaic output,” Feb. 01, 2025, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115073.
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M. Dhimish, “Thermal impact on the performance ratio of photovoltaic systems: A case study of 8000 photovoltaic installations,” Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, vol. 21, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100693.
B. Belmahdi and A. El Bouardi, “Solar potential assessment using PVsyst software in the northern zone of Morocco,” in Procedia Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., 2020, pp. 738–745. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.104.
M. Parhamfar and A. Zabihi, “Comprehensive design of a 100-kilowatt solar power plant with bifacial technology in PVsyst for Arak, Iran,” Solar Energy Advances, vol. 5, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.seja.2025.100092.
M. A. Khan et al., “Experimental and simulation analysis of grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic system for a large-scale facility,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 53, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2022.102773.
A. M. Eltamaly, M. S. Al-Saud, A. G. Abokhalil, and H. M. H. Farh, “Simulation and experimental validation of fast adaptive particle swarm optimization strategy for photovoltaic global peak tracker under dynamic partial shading,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 124, May 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109719.
M. Benfares, S. J. Edrissi, M. Benbrahim, I. Zorkani, A. Jorio, and A. D. Seddik, “Comparative Analysis of the Measured and Simulated Performances of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Plant,” Fluid Dynamics and Materials Processing, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1805–1813, 2022, doi: 10.32604/fdmp.2022.022095.
A. Baruah, S. Sharma, G. Agarwal, and M. Basu, “Modelling of rooftop photovoltaic systems for electrification of public schools in developing countries,” Energy for Sustainable Development, vol. 85, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2025.101670.
M. A. Islam et al., “A comprehensive evaluation of photovoltaic simulation software: A decision-making approach using Analytic Hierarchy Process and performance analysis,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 58, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2025.101663.
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H. T. Paradongan et al., “Techno-economic feasibility study of solar photovoltaic power plant using RETScreen to achieve Indonesia energy transition,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 7, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27680.
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Mar 29, 2026
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How to Cite
Rifaldi Wahyu Santoso, Dionova, B. W., Hamzah Eteruddin, Kalvin Saputra, Oo Abdul Rosyid, Fariz Maulana Rizanulhaq, & Muhammad Irsyad Abdullah. (2026). Performance and Techno-economic Analysis of a 1.82 kWp Rooftop PV System in the Tropical Climate of Indonesia: A Simulation vs Reality Approach. Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.25077/jnte.v15n1.1427.2026
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Electrical Power and Energy
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